PARASITOLOGIE

• Patologia articolare del suino su base infettiva. (Infectious arthritis in swine)
• The three M’s of internal parasite control
• Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) is still prevalent in northern swine belt
• A sertes Sarcoptes-ruhossege: klinikai kep, diagnosztika, gyogykezeles es vedekezes. (Sarcoptic mange in pigs: clinical patterns, diagnostic tools, treatment and control.)
• Endectoparasite control in finishing pigs: assessment of the efficacy of two control programs in an Italian three-site production system
• Update on IVOMEC for swine herd mange/lice elimination (HM/LE) program
• Prevalance of sarcoptic mange in Hungarian pigs based on a slaughterhouse survey of papular dermatitis
• Preventing transmission of sarcoptic mange from sows to their offspring by injection of ivermectin: effects on swine production.
• Nasa iskustva u peroralnoj primeni ivermektina u terapiji endoparazita svinja. (Our experience with peroral application of Ivermektin in therapy of swine endoparasitosis.)
• Efficacy of injectable abamectin against gastrointestinal tract nematodes and sarcoptic mange of pigs.
• Schurft bij varkens: een onderschat probleem. (Pig mange, an underestimated problem.)
• Confirmation of the efficacy of IVOMEC against Sarcoptes scabiei var suis in swine
• Controllo degli endoparassiti in suini all’ingrasso: valutazione dell’efficacia di due programmi di controllo in un sistema di produzione a tre siti. (Endoparasite control in finishing pigs: assessment of the efficacy of two control programs in three-site production system)
• Aspetti economici del controllo della rogna sarcoptica nell’ingrasso nel suino pesante. (Economic aspects of controlling sarcoptic scabies in a fattening unit of pigs for ham industry)

Patologia articolare del suino su base infettiva. (Infectious arthritis in swine)
CANDOTTI P, ROTA NODARI S
Società Italiana di Patologia ed Allevamento dei Suini - Proceedings 35-47
INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS, ESCHERICHIA COLI, STAPHYLOCOCCUS, STREPTOCOCCUS SUIS, HAEMOPHILUS PARASUIS, ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE, MYCOPLASMA HYOSYNOVIAE, MYCOPLASMA HYORHINIS
After a brief review of the factors contributing to arthritis in swine, i.e. environment (poor floor surfaces, overpopulation, low temperatures etc.), genetics (predisposition due to selected phenotypes) and nutrition (nutritional deficiencies in minerals and vitamins), this paper provides a description of the clinical signs, diagnosis and means of control associated with the most frequently identified pathogens for infectious arthritis. The distinction is made between opportunist agents as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. which can cause infectious arthritis following wounds, faulty tail docking or castration for example, and specific agents such as Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae e Mycoplasma hyorhinis which can result in a pig-to-pig transmission of the condition. In all cases, particular care should be taken to reduce contributing factors which play a significant role in the evolution of arthritis.

The three M’s of internal parasite control
JOHNSON R, MYERS G
Proceedings of the 34th Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, 2003, pp 203-204
Control of worm parasitism in swine confinement systems is necessary to achieve production goals and ensure carcass quality. Both roundworms (Ascaris suum) and whipworms Trichuris suis) can both be found in modern confinement systems infecting breeding stock and/or finisher populations. A study was conducted to obtain a statistically valid understanding of worm contamination patterns for use in decision-making. Fecal samples were collected in numbers sufficient to provide 95% confidence that a 5% prevalence rate will be detected. Ascaris eggs were identified in one or more samples from sows in 4 of the 6 herds monitored, with counts as high as 253 EPG. Ascaris eggs were found in finishing units from the herds with positive findings in the sows. One herd was positive for coccidia; this herd also experienced a chronic problem with coccidial scours in certain farrowing rooms. Management alone will not control internal parasite infection in modern swine units. Periodic monitoring in a scientific manner is necessary to cost-effectively medicate for best results; without proper monitoring, herds are likely to over-medicate or fail to medicate properly to gain the control they seek. To summarize, the role of the three M’s of Management, Monitoring, and Medicating to provide internal parasite control of swine needs new emphasis in veterinary health programs. Management alone will not provide the results needed. Monitoring is the key to obtaining cost-effective control and is often underutilized.

Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) is still prevalent in northern swine belt
MELANCON JJ, WETZEL T, BUSH R, HARDENBURGER P, GROSS S
Proceedings of the 34th Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, 2003, pp 291-292
The impact of mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis, on swine production is quite extensive, although generally there is no mortality or overt morbidity. The major effects on growing and finishing swine are decreased weight gain, decreased feed conversion, hide damage and decreased carcass value. Sows may have lower litter sizes, lower piglet weaning weights, and increased farrowing intervals. In addition, facilities may have increased wear and tear. Seven slaughter checks were carried out in Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska and South Dakota between January and May, 2002, and compared to similar data collected in 1996. Pig carcasses were assessed for skin lesions after scalding and dehairing. In 2002, 29% of 438 lots of at least 10 pigs of the same origin had average dermatitis scores (ADS) >0.5, suggestive of mange, compared to 43% of 1,442 lots examined in 1996. In 2002, 20% of lots had ADS >0.7, highly indicative of mange, compared to 37% in 1996. Hence, mange has been reduced in the swine industry over the past decade, but is still at a high enough level that it is causing economic losses, and is higher in the industry than generally believed. This should be of concern, especially when it is a disease that can easily be eradicated with management compliance.

A sertes Sarcoptes-ruhossege: klinikai kep, diagnosztika, gyogykezeles es vedekezes. (Sarcoptic mange in pigs: clinical patterns, diagnostic tools, treatment and control. )
CARGILL C
Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja , Volume: 124 , Number: 1 , Page: 43-50 , 2002
The control of sarcoptes, including use of PigMON, a program for evaluating slaughter pigs, is described. Methods of eradication are also covered.

Endectoparasite control in finishing pigs: assessment of the efficacy of two control programs in an Italian three-site production system
GENCHI C, SANDRI GP, LEOTTI G, DE BASSA A, LEOTTI, G
Proceedings of the 34th Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, 2003, pp 295-298
Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis, the mite responsible for mange in swine, affects the majority of herds in the Italian swine industry, suppressing growth rate and feed efficiency in growing swine, and decreasing productivity of sows. This study was carried out in a three-site production system in northern Italy. Approximately 70,000 growing pigs on 32 farms, born to sows that had been treated with an avermectin product before farrowing, were used. The pigs were treated in the feed either with Flubenvet® [flubendazole (FBZ)] at 90-100 days of age, or with IVOMEC® [ivermectin (IVM)] Premix at 50-55 days of age. Average dermatitis lesion score (ADS) was positive at 12/16 farms where FBZ was used and at 3/12 farms where IVM was used. Prefarrowing treatment of sows is not able to completely control mange in growing piglets which are infected when they enter the fattening units. In such conditions, the application of an effective program using an endectocide compound, such as in-feed ivermectin, shows a clear advantage in comparison to treating with a product effective against endoparasites only. Use of a prototype serological test was shown to complement use of clinical signs; availability of a practical and reliable ELISA would aid in monitoring the success of mange control/elimination programs. ADS was also confirmed as a easy, economical, and reliable method to assess sarcoptic mange in swine.

Update on IVOMEC for swine herd mange/lice elimination (HM/LE) program
GARCIA R
Proceedings of the 17th Congress of the International Pig Veterinary Society, 2002, Paper no. 283, p108
Subclinical mange continues to be a problem in swine production, but it can be eliminated using techniques that combine biosecurity with effective treatment. Three regimens using two courses of treatment with IVOMEC Injection and/or Premix were described. Increases in productivity of growing pigs, increased litter size and piglet survival have covered the cost of the program within a year. It is important that all animals in the herd are treated at the right dose (i.e., not underdosed) and at the same time.

Prevalance of sarcoptic mange in Hungarian pigs based on a slaughterhouse survey of papular dermatitis
HORVATH A, MAJOROS G, POVAZSAN J
Proceedings of the 17th Congress of the International Pig Veterinary Society, 2002, Paper no. 466, p 291
The objective of this study was to obtain an overview of the mange status of Hungarian pig herds. Pigs from 190 slaughter groups from 160 intensive pig farms were examined, totaling over 12,000 pigs. Eleven of the 12 abattoirs surveyed had ADS well above the threshold level of 0.5; pigs from 17 of 19 counties were included in the survey. Each county showed a lack of mange control, the lowest ADS being 0.95. While two-thirds of the pigs surveyed came from farms where treatments for mange were conducted, pigs treated with an endectocide other than IVOMEC had ADS of 1.26 and pigs treated with sprays had ADS of 1.59. Pigs treated with IVOMEC had ADS of 0.88, demonstrating the efficacy of the product and the importance of the strategic approach to treatment on the farms using IVOMEC.

Preventing transmission of sarcoptic mange from sows to their offspring by injection of ivermectin: effects on swine production.
MERCIER P, CARGILL CF, WHITE , CR.
Veterinary Parasitology , Volume: 110 , Number: 1/2 , Page: 25-33 , 2002
A blind and controlled field study was conducted on a pig farm in Australia (in 23 March 2001) to evaluate the activity of 1% ivermectin solution when injected into pregnant sows that were naturally infested with mites (Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis). The study was designed to appreciate the tolerance of the product on sows (litter size, litter birth weights, litter weaning weights and preweaning mortality) and to show the effects of sarcoptic mange on the growth performances of their offspring. 20 sows were selected and ranked on Day-10, prior to the start of the study, on the basis of positive mite counts and parity. Sows were randomly allocated into two groups, A and B. On Day-7, they were injected once with product A (1 ml/33 kg; yielding 300 micro g ivermectin/kg BW) or product B (placebo), respectively and then moved to the farrowing unit. Mite counts, ear and body lesions were scored and recorded. The average daily weight gain (ADG) was calculated on piglets from birth to Day-45 (ADG45) and birth to Day-70 (ADG70). Ivermectin was 100% efficient in preventing the transmission of scabies mites and did not have negative effect on the pregnant sows. Growth performances (ADG45 and ADG70) of piglets from treated sows were significantly higher (452 and 541.5 g per day) than that from untreated sows (433.5 and 518.4 g per day) respectively, confirming that sarcoptic mange is detrimental to the production performances of growing pigs.

Nasa iskustva u peroralnoj primeni ivermektina u terapiji endoparazita svinja. (Our experience with peroral application of Ivermektin in therapy of swine endoparasitosis. )
PAVLOVIC I, LAZAREVIC M, TRIFUNOVIC M, CVETKOVIC A, CUKIC M, ZUTIC M, BRANKOV A
Veterinarski Glasnik , Volume: 56 , Number: 3/4 , Page: 211-218 , 2002
Endoparasitic infections present a frequent health problem among swine maintained in farms. The most frequent diseases are ascariasis and oesophagostamosis. There are several valid methods in controlling parasites in swine, peroral application of antiparasitics and their subcutaneous application. Ivermectin is an antiparasitic with a wide range of effects and has been successfully used in curbing ecto- and endoparasites in swine and other animals. Ivermectin has so far been primarily applied subcutaneously, which required considerable efforts and the need for numerous staff in therapy of large agglomerations of farm animals. In recent years, ivermectin has appeared in powder form and is mixed in feed, which largely facilitates therapy and prevention of ecto- and endoparasitoses in farm animals. The efficiency of the peroral application of ivermectin in treating endoparasitic infections was examined. Ascariasis and oesophagostamosis in farm swine was controlled using peroral application of ivermectin. Four control examinations after therapy showed that there were no parasite infections. This indicated that ivermectin was efficient in controlling infections when applied perorally. Peroral application of ivermectin is a successful therapy for endoparasitic infections in swine, and is not in any way less efficient than its subcutaneous application. Moreover, peroral application of ivermectin largely facilitates therapy and the prevention of parasitic infections of farms with large agglomerations of animals.

Efficacy of injectable abamectin against gastrointestinal tract nematodes and sarcoptic mange of pigs.
SHIN SS, KOH HB, KIM CH, KIM JT
Korean Journal of Veterinary Public Health , Volume: 26 , Number: 2 , Page: 99-107 , 2002
A field trial on the efficacy of abamectin (avermectin B1a) against Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis and Sarcoptes scabiei was conducted. Ninety pigs that showed signs of S. scabiei infestation like pruritus, erythema and papules were selected from a farm of 20 000 pigs. Skin scrapping revealed the presence of S. scabiei in 14 pigs (15.6%). Forty pigs were then infected with either A. suum and/or T. suis. The pigs were then divided into two groups of equal number. Abamectin was administered either through the intramuscular or subcutaneous route. Three weeks after abamectin administration, sarcoptic mange was still observed in 3 pigs (6.7%) given abamectin intramuscularly and 1 pig (2.3%) given abamectin subcutaneously. No pigs showed sarcoptic mites in the skin scrapping 8 weeks post-treatment. Most clinical signs of sarcoptic mite infestation disappeared by the third week after treatment. Eggs of A. suum and T. suis were observed in the faeces of 11 pigs (12.2%) during the first week post-treatment, but none at the 2nd and 3rd week post-treatment. However, eggs of T. suis reappeared in the faeces of 2 pigs at 6 and 8 weeks post-treatment. The route of injection did not affect the efficacy of abamectin. (11 ref.)

Schurft bij varkens: een onderschat probleem. (Pig mange, an underestimated problem.)
VERCRUYSSE J, SMETS K
Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift , Volume: 71 , Number: 1 , Page: 20-29 , 2002
Earlier surveys had shown the sarcoptic mange was widespread in Belgium, and an eradication campaign was under consideration. Enzyme immunoassays were available for detecting antibodies. Ivermectin and doramectin were available for treatment. (77 ref.)

Confirmation of the efficacy of IVOMEC against Sarcoptes scabiei var suis in swine
VERCRUYSSE J, VERELST A, SOMERS R, DIERICKX N, GEURDEN T
Proceedings of the 17th Congress of the International Pig Veterinary Society, 2002, Paper no. 215, p 40
Two studies were conducted comparing the efficacy of IVOMEC injected subcutaneously vs. intramuscularly at 300 mcg/kg, and two studies were conducted comparing treatment with IVOMEC in-feed at various combinations of dose and days adding up to at least 700 mcg/kg over 5 to 14 days. Induced infestations of S. scabiei var. suis were used. All regimens tested were effective; no mites were found on any medicated pig starting 21 days after the initiation of treatment.

Controllo degli endoparassiti in suini all’ingrasso: valutazione dell’efficacia di due programmi di controllo in un sistema di produzione a tre siti. (Endoparasite control in finishing pigs: assessment of the efficacy of two control programs in three-site production system)
GENCHI C, SANDRI GP, LEOTTI G, DE BASSA A, BONDIOLI A
Società Italiana di Patologia ed Allevamento dei Suini - Proceedings 273-279
The protocol was designed in order to compare two control programs for sarcoptic mange in a multisite pig production system and was carried out as follows: all the pigs included in this study were born from sows treated with an avermectin prior to farrowing. In one control program pigs were treated with flubendazol (Flubenvet® - Jansen Animal Health) at 90-100 days of age, while in the other one pigs were treated with ivermectin (IVOMEC® - Premix Merial) at 50-55 days of age. It was demonstrated that treating sows prior to farrowing does not allow controlling Sarcoptes in growing piglets since the latter are still infested when they enter the fattening units. Treating pigs with Ivomec® Premix at 50-55 days of age proved effective in providing a long-lasting protection from re-infestation throughout the fattening period and implied smaller quantities of drug.

Aspetti economici del controllo della rogna sarcoptica nell’ingrasso nel suino pesante. (Economic aspects of controlling sarcoptic scabies in a fattening unit of pigs for ham industry)
GENCHI C, LEOTTI G, MORTARINO M, GENCHI M, PREVEDI GL, ZAMPERLIN D
Società Italiana di Patologia ed Allevamento dei Suini - Proceedings 429-434
A study was carried out to evaluate the production and the economical effect of ivermectin given in feed (100 mcg/kg b.w. /day for 7 days; IVOMEC® Premix 560 g/t of feed for 7 days) against sarcoptic mange in fattening pigs. Pigs were treated when entering into the fattening units, approximately 57 kg b.w. and slaughtered after 6 months, at 160-165 kg b.w. Five hundred and twenty pigs were treated with ivermectin and 519 were left untreated, as controls. The results confirmed the high efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment and control of sarcoptic mange throughout the study period. Positive ear scrapings to Sarcoptes decreased in treated group from 40% at the beginning of the study to 0% at slaughter. In the control group, positive ear scrapings to sarcoptesincreased from 23% to 53%. At slaughter, the average dermatitis score (ADS) was 0.35 in the ivermectin-treated group and 0.77 in the control group. The difference of total kgs body weight produced between the treated pigs and the control pigs was kg 2.225 with a profit of € 2.768,8 net of the treatment cost (€ 364) i.e. € 5,47 for each treated pig.